Germans remember the Nazi past so that it may never happen again. But how has the abstract vow to remember translated into concrete action to prevent new genocides abroad?

As reports of mass killings in Bosnia spread in the middle of 1995, Germans faced a dilemma. Should the Federal Republic deploy its military to the Balkans to prevent a genocide, or would departing from postwar Germany’s pacifist tradition open the door to renewed militarism? In short, when Germans said “never again,” did they mean “never again Auschwitz” or “never again war”?

Looking beyond solemn statements and well-meant monuments, Andrew I. Port examines how the Nazi past shaped German responses to the genocides in Cambodia, Bosnia, and Rwanda—and further, how these foreign atrocities recast Germans’ understanding of their own horrific history. In the late 1970s, the reign of the Khmer Rouge received relatively little attention from a firmly antiwar public that was just “discovering” the Holocaust. By the 1990s, the genocide of the Jews was squarely at the center of German identity, a tectonic shift that inspired greater involvement in Bosnia and, to a lesser extent, Rwanda. Germany’s increased willingness to use force in defense of others reflected the enthusiastic embrace of human rights by public officials and ordinary citizens. At the same time, conservatives welcomed the opportunity for a more active international role involving military might—to the chagrin of pacifists and progressives at home.

Making the lessons, limits, and liabilities of politics driven by memories of a troubled history harrowingly clear, Never Again is a story with deep resonance for any country confronting a dark past.

"Ambitious, original and richly evidenced…Port offers an innovative contribution in the atrophied terrain of ‘memory studies.’ Never Again implies that Walter Benjamin’s ‘Angel of History’ is, at last, turning away from sentimental memorials and sentimental solemnity—and looking forward." - History Today

"Never Again thoroughly examines the German response to three genocides that took place elsewhere in the world after the Second World War—in Cambodia, Bosnia and Rwanda—and considers, in particular, the role that the Nazi past and the Holocaust played in debates about them." - Times Literary Supplement

"A wonderfully diverse summary narrative of the influence of the Nazi past on Germany’s engagement with contemporary genocide and mass atrocity…The strength of the book is to show just how complicated and often contradictory responses to atrocity could be in Germany, being informed by the experiences of the Holocaust, World War II, and the ongoing process of facing the past." - H-Diplo

"In his astute analysis, based on a great deal of carefully documented evidence, [Port] is able to illuminate again and again the historical background and link it to the experiences Germans had with the Nazi era —and their memory of it." - Neue Politische Literatur

"Port’s meticulously researched book is a well-written account of Germans struggling to do the right thing—whether on the political or personal level—against the backdrop of their own history…An important contribution." - Israel Journal of Foreign Affairs

"A valuable and enduring contribution to the scholarship on the German tradition of reckoning with the Nazi past and its implications for foreign policy from the 1970s to 1990s…provides an essential background for understanding the tectonic changes that German political culture and foreign policy have undergone in recent years." - Historische Zeitschrift

"A splendid…brilliant study… [Port] builds a bridge between the emergence of a Holocaust-related culture of remembrance and a history of humanitarianism before and after the fall of the Berlin Wall. His book also addresses the contemporary problem of how society deals with mass violence in distant regions. Not least due to recent global political developments, this requires more than ever a competent classification by the specialist disciplines." - Süddeutsche Zeitung

"A unique and ground-breaking study…Port is to be commended for thorough archival work on these three crises and his ability to tie in and isolate the German moral and political dilemmas on how to properly respond to them." - Choice