This book studies the responses of the founders of twentieth-century Arab philosophical schools to the question of (primarily Western) modernisation in the Arab world, particularly to its relationship with Arab heritage. For some intellectuals, there are calls for a new Nahda or Renaissance, for the Arabs to modernise on their own terms within their own heritage, in various forms. Others are more interested in choosing Western modernisation and accepting the inevitable consequences of secularisation.This book studies the responses of the founders of twentieth-century Arab philosophical schools to the question of (primarily Western) modernisation in the Arab world, particularly to its relationship with Arab heritage. For some intellectuals, there are calls for a new Nahda or Renaissance, for the Arabs to modernise on their own terms within their own heritage, in various forms. Others are more interested in choosing Western modernisation and accepting the inevitable consequences of secularisation.