The treatment of wastewater presents the dual challenge of protecting public health and the environment. The presence of increasing amounts of chemical contaminants such as pharmaceuticals, petrochemicals, pesticides and dyes resulting from agricultural, industrial or municipal activities has potential negative impacts on ecosystems. Radiation technologies have been studied for many years for treating different organic pollutants, and their reliability and effectiveness have been demonstrated. This publication provides new insights into the radiation treatment methodologies, particularly the evaluation of toxicity of waste water after radiation treatment, techno-economic aspects of such treatment and its integration with the existing conventional technologies.