Most research on the president's relationship with the public focuses on modern presidents because they frequently give speeches in the attempt to build public support for their policy goals. Expanding the concept of presidential communication beyond policy speeches, Popular Leadership in the Presidency: Origins and Practice reveals the extent to which presidents have always communicated with the public. And it is not simply the existence of public communication that is significant, but the fact that structural elements of the presidency encourage a connection with the people. The fact that the executive consists of one individual, the symbolic authority that devolves on the president as the sole national leader, and a selection process that in practice turned out to be popular all encourages a relationship with the people. An examination of the first four presidents demonstrates the broad range of public persuasion practiced by early presidents as well as the way in which the structural encourages that behavior.

"Hoffman (visiting professor, Marquette Univ.) offers a thesis unique in presidential rhetoric scholarship. In the process, she challenges current arguments that assert there is a difference between the Founding generation and modern presidents in how they employed popular rhetoric. Hoffman argues simply that presidents have always used rhetoric to communicate to the citizenry. While the means and manner of that communication has changed over time, all presidents have used rhetoric in some fashion or form. It should be noted that Hoffman broadens the definition of rhetoric to include actions along with the spoken and written word. Furthermore, the author contends that the constitutional structure of the presidency not only allowed, but also encouraged, this development. The Constitution, then, encourages a "public presidency." To bolster her case that the president has always used rhetoric, Hoffman engages in a case study of the first four presidents. The point is not to fit them into a construct of "going public," but to account for how they "faced the public." Summing Up: Recommended. General readers, upper-division undergraduate students, graduate students, and research faculty." - CHOICE