This book discusses how machine learning and the Internet of Things (IoT) are playing a part in smart control of underwater environments, known as Internet of Underwater Things (IoUT). The authors first present seawater’s key physical variables and go on to discuss opportunistic transmission, localization and positioning, machine learning modeling for underwater communication, and ongoing challenges in the field. In addition, the authors present applications of machine learning techniques for opportunistic communication and underwater localization. They also discuss the current challenges of machine learning modeling of underwater communication from two communication engineering and data science perspectives.