Income inequality has become the defining issue in the U.S. since the end of the recession. With stagnant wages and declining mobility among the working and middle class, many Americans believe the economic system unfairly favors the wealthy. Education can change this. To do so, however, we need to create the right conditions for students to succeed (i.e., increasing opportunity) and explore solutions to help them move ahead (i.e., improving mobility). This issue of the Journal of Social Issues, Education Inequality: Opportunity and Mobility, focuses on this theme.