Although schools with an African-centered educational focus have existed for over 200 years, they have most often been independent institutions. Within the past few years, the idea of incorporating an African and African-American cultural orientation in public schools has been explored. This exploration has proceeded in a number of ways: in Baltimore, MD, African-centered education was instituted in selected classrooms within an otherwise traditional school. In Milwaukee, and in other cities such as Detroit, MI, and Washington, DC, African-centered programs have been implemented in selected schools.