This publication uses satellite data (past and present), maps, photographs and other illustrations to highlight areas of environmental change in the Nile basin. Visual elements are accompanied by a narrative that describes, analyses, and demonstrates how climate change is affecting the water resources of the Nile Basin. The information culled from a variety of sources, provides a rich synthesis of qualitative and quantitative policy and scientific data in one place. Policy makers in the Nile Basin region are increasingly faced with the challenges that climate change is presenting. They frequently grapple with questions such as: What are the potential future impacts of climate change on our water systems? What are the hotspot areas that are especially vulnerable to these changes? What can be done to manage or avert the effects of climate change? What are the implications for policy and future water management? This Assessment Report attempts to answer these questions.