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How to reconcile two seemingly incompatible historical truths: "the truth of the victor" and "the truth of the vanquished"? Is it possible to assess the revolutionary events in Ukraine in the mid-seventeenth century and the Mazepa uprising of 1708-1709 within the framework of only one truth? Why is the policy of the rulers of the early modern Ukrainian state, Bohdan Khmelnytsky, Ivan Vyhovsky, Petro Doroshenko, Ivan Samoilovych, and Ivan Mazepa, towards the rulers of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, the Muscovy, the Ottoman Empire, and the Kingdom of Sweden, still perceived with great controversy by representatives of different schools of thought? We hope that you will find answers to these and other complex questions of our past in this book.

The publication is intended for diplomats, scholars, teachers, students, and anyone interested in the history of Ukraine and its international relations.