The effort to meet enrollment targets for compulsory education in Latin America seems to have left educational quality behind. In the face of meager student performance, understanding what and how students are learning have emerged as salient issues facing policy makers in a region that has already achieved considerable success in access to basic education. This book sheds valuable light on recent advances in our understanding of the policies and programs that affect student learning in order to provide policy makers in Latin America and other developing regions with tools for effective education policy making.