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The textbook is compiled according to the logic and content of the normative programme of the discipline "Political Economy". Based on the vast work of the most famous theoretical economists, the textbook reveals the process of emergence, formation and development of productive forces and production relations in the historical aspect, which allows us to form a stable idea of the essence and features of modern economic processes. Particular attention is paid to the theoretical understanding of the place and role of our economy in extremely dynamic and complex global processes. The textbook is intended for students of economic specialities. It can also be used by those interested in general economic trends and laws of development of the modern market economy.