On the Duty of Civil Disobedience, called Civil Disobedience for short, is an essay by American transcendentalist Henry David Thoreau that was first published in 1849. In it, Thoreau argues that individuals should not permit governments to overrule or atrophy their consciences, and that they have a duty to avoid allowing such acquiescence to enable the government to make them the agents of injustice. Thoreau was motivated in part by his disgust with slavery and the Mexican–American War (1846–1848).

Famous essay of the author Henry David Thoreau: "The Service", "A Walk to Wachusett", "Paradise (to be) Regained", "Sir Walter Raleigh", "Herald of Freedom", "Wendell Phillips Before the Concord Lyceum", "Reform and the Reformers", Thomas Carlyle and His Works, Resistance to Civil Government (Civil Disobedience), "Slavery in Massachusetts", A Plea for Captain John Brown, The Last Days of John Brown, "Walking", "Life Without Principle", Excursions anthology.