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The monograph is the first thorough scientific study of the processes of formation of a higher art educational institution in Kharkiv, which was characterised by an alternate transition from the training of fine artists to the study of specialists in the artistic and industrial field. Both of these lines were first combined in the system of teaching at the private drawing school of Maria Raevska-Ivanova in Kharkiv in the second half of the nineteenth century, and today this model has found its continuation and further development in the activities of the Kharkiv State Academy of Design and Arts. The author's attention is focused on the period from 1921, when the first art university in the city was established - Kharkiv Art College, later renamed Kharkiv State Art Institute, and until 1962, when this institution was reformed into Kharkiv Art and Industrial Institute. The article reveals the significance of the contribution of avant-garde artists and teachers at the Kharkiv State Art Institute to the modernisation of Ukrainian fine art in the 1920s and early 1930s and the incredible losses among the teaching staff of the then art university in the capital city of Ukraine during the rampant Stalinist repressions of 1933-1937, which continued in the second half of the 1940s until the onset of the Khrushchev Thaw, the period that ends with this book.