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The textbook (by O. Gisem, O. Martyniuk) contains the required amount of educational material, all the necessary theoretical information and concepts. The methodological apparatus includes fragments of historical sources and questions to them, additional information, as well as multi-level tasks to consolidate the material studied. Maps, diagrams, and illustrations in the textbook will help you better understand the basic facts and concepts of the course.

Intended for students in grades 8 of secondary schools.