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The textbook examines the historical evolution and modern trends of world and Ukrainian economic thought in the context of the dynamics of economic, social, spiritual and political spheres of society. It describes the ideas, concepts and theories of leading thinkers of the ancient world and the Middle Ages, the scientific achievements of classical political economy, its founders and leading proponents. Special chapters of the textbook are devoted to the genesis of Marxism, neoclassicism, Keynesianism and institutionalism. Attention is focused on the historical development of national economic thought, the achievements of leading Ukrainian economists, including those of the era of Ukraine's independence. The textbook is equipped with the necessary materials from primary sources, figures and tables, contains lists of basic terms and concepts, control and discussion questions, which makes it possible to use modern educational technologies. For students, postgraduates, teachers of higher education institutions, researchers, civil servants, entrepreneurs and practicing economists.