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Today, when scientific facts are increasingly questioned or ignored, the story of Galileo Galilei sounds more contemporary than ever. Galileo faced the same problem four hundred years ago: his discoveries, based on careful observations and skilful experiments, contradicted the commonly accepted ideas and church doctrines of the time, and as a result, the clergy banned his books, a blatant attack on freedom of thought.

The freethinker Galileo, who relied only on physical evidence, was one of the most prominent figures in the scientific revolution. He believed that every educated person should be versed in both the humanities and the natural sciences, so by publishing his treatises in vivid Italian rather than Latin, he sought to reach a wider range of readers.

Galileo was tried by the Inquisition for refusing to reconsider his scientific beliefs. He remains a hero and an inspiration to modern scientists and to all who respect science, which, as Mario Livio reminds us, is still under threat...