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When did the Middle Ages end in Europe in general and in Ukraine in particular? And if archaeological chronology is based on the evolution of material culture, what is the basis of historical chronology? Does a new chronological period come simultaneously and everywhere, or does history develop in parallel, in different epochs, in neighbouring lands? Does history develop cyclically, with the prospect of returning to the Stone Age with one careless step, or does it follow an irreversible forward line? Ukraine of the Middle Ages appears as a child of the steppes and the sea, inheriting from Mediterranean culture, from nomads and settled farmers alike. This is the period of ethnogenesis of the Ukrainian people. The authors of this volume discuss the time and place, the role of the individual in history and the role of history in the fate of the individual.